Discourse Analysis 論述分析
Released已發布Apply discourse analysis to examine how language constructs meaning, power relationships, and social reality in texts and communications. Use this skill when the user needs to analyze how a text frames an issue, uncover hidden assumptions in language, examine power dynamics in communication, or deconstruct media/corporate/political messaging — even if they say 'what's really being said here', 'how is this framing the issue', or 'analyze the language in this document'.
人文技能：Discourse Analysis 分析與應用。
Overview概述
Discourse analysis examines how language shapes (not just reflects) reality. It reveals how texts construct identities, power relationships, and social norms through word choice, framing, and what is left unsaid. Especially valuable for analyzing media, corporate communications, policy documents, and political speech.
Framework 框架
IRON LAW: Language Constructs Reality, Not Just Describes It
The choice of words is never neutral. "Restructuring" vs "layoffs",
"enhanced interrogation" vs "torture", "undocumented workers" vs
"illegal aliens" — same events, different realities constructed.
Discourse analysis examines WHAT language does, not just what it says.
Key Analytical Dimensions
- Framing: How is the issue defined? What metaphors are used? What's included/excluded?
- Subject positions: Who is positioned as agent (active doer) vs patient (passive receiver)?
- Presupposition: What is taken for granted without being stated?
- Intertextuality: What other texts/discourses does this reference or draw upon?
- Power relations: Whose voice is amplified? Whose is silenced?
Analysis Steps
- Select the text: What specific communication are you analyzing?
- Context: Who produced it? For whom? In what setting? What's the purpose?
- Lexical analysis: What word choices are notable? What alternatives were available?
- Structural analysis: How is the text organized? What comes first? What's emphasized?
- What's absent: What is NOT said? Who is NOT represented?
- Power mapping: Who benefits from this particular framing?
Output Format輸出格式
# Discourse Analysis: {Text/Document}
Examples範例
Correct Application
Scenario: Analyzing a tech company's layoff announcement
Text: "We are making the difficult decision to right-size our organization to better position ourselves for long-term growth."
| Element | Text | Alternative | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| "right-size" | Implies current size is wrong | "lay off 500 employees" | Euphemism hides human impact |
| "our organization" | Company as abstract entity | "our colleagues" | Removes personal connection to affected people |
| "difficult decision" | Positions management as suffering | "decision that will displace 500 families" | Redirects sympathy toward decision-makers |
| "long-term growth" | Forward-looking justification | No mention of what caused over-hiring | Skips accountability for the situation |
Subject positions: Management = agents making "difficult decisions" (sympathetic). Employees = completely absent as subjects. ✓
Incorrect Application
- "This press release is biased" → Too vague. Which words? What framing? Bias toward what? Discourse analysis requires specific textual evidence. Violates Iron Law: analyze what language DOES.
Gotchas注意事項
- All language is "constructed": Discourse analysis doesn't mean the text is "lying." Even honest communication makes framing choices. The question is what those choices reveal and conceal.
- Analyst's own discourse: Your analysis is also a discourse with its own framing and assumptions. Be reflexive about your own position.
- Context is everything: The same words mean different things in different contexts. "We need to move fast" in a startup vs in a hospital has very different implications.
- Don't over-read: Not every word choice is strategic. Sometimes "right-size" is just corporate jargon the writer learned, not a deliberate framing strategy. Consider intentionality.
- Discourse analysis is not fact-checking: It examines how meaning is constructed, not whether claims are true. Pair with evidence-based analysis for a complete picture.
References參考資料
- For Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis framework, see
references/cda-framework.md